HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

  ( CHAPTER  2 )  -  { PT.  6 } - The accession of Henry VIII. ( 1509-47 ) was hailed with joy by all classes in England. Young, handsome, well-developed both in mind and body, fond of outdoor games and amusements, affable and generous with whomsoever he came into contact, he was to all appearances qualified perfectly for the high office to which he had succeeded. With the exception of Empson and Dudley, who were sacrificed for their share in the execution of his father, most of the old advisers were retained at the royal court; but the chief confidants on whose advice he relied principally were his Chancellor Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England, Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester and Lord Privy Seal, and Thomas Howard, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, Lord Treasurer of the kingdom. Soon, however, these trusted and loyal advisers were obliged to make way for a young and rising ecclesiastical courtier, Thomas Wolsey [ 1 ] ( 1471-1530 ), who ...

  ( CHAPTER  2 )  -  THE RELIGIOUS CHANGES UNDER HENRY VIII. AND EDWARD VI. - See bibliography, chap. i., /Calendar of Letters and Papers Henry VIII. /, 18 vols., 1862-1902. Brewer Gairdner, /THe Reign of Henry VIII./, 2 vols., 1884. Gairdner, /Lollardy and the Reformation/, 4 vols., 1908-13. Dodd, /Church History of England ( 1500-1688 /, 1737-42 ( a new edition by Tierney, 5 vols., 1839 ). Sander, /Rise of Growth of the Anglican Schism/ ( trans. by Lewis ), 1877. Gasquet, /Short History of the Catholic Church in England/, 1903. Dixon, /History of the Church in England from 1529/, 6 vols., London, 1878-1902. Cobbett, /A History of the Reformation in England and Ireland/ (edited by Gasquet ). Pocock, / Records of the Reformation/ 2 vols., 1870. Burnet, /History of the Reformation/ ( edited by Pocock ), 1865. Gasquet and Bishop, / Edward VI. and the Book of Common Prayer/, 1890. Taunton, /The English Black Monks of St. Benedict/, 2 vols., 1897. Camm, /Lives of the Eng...

  { PT.  4 } - The dream of reconquering the English possessions in France induced Henry VIII., during the early years of his reign, to side with the Emperor Maximilian of Spain against Louis XII.; but the comparative failure of the expeditions undertaken against France, the resentment of the people who were burdened with taxation, and the advice of Cardinal Wolsey, led him to forego his schemes of conquest for a time in favour of a policy of neutrality. 

  { PT.  3 } - As a young man he was pushed forward by his patrons, the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Winchester, and won favour at court by the successful accomplishment of a delicate mission entrusted to him by Henry VII., till at last in 1511 he was honoured by a seat in the privy council. New dignities were heaped upon him by Pope and sovereign in turn. He was appointed Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of York ( 1514 ), was created a cardinal of the Roman Church ( 1515 ), and in a short time he accepted the offices of Lord Chancellor and papal legate of England. If he did not succeed in reaching the papal throne, a dignity to which he was induced to aspire by the promise of Charles V., his position as legate made him at least virtual head of the English Church. Instead of being annoyed, Henry VIII. was delighted at the honours showered upon his Lord Chancellor by the Roman court. With Wolsey as his obedient minister and at the same time an ecclesiastical dicta...

  ( CHAPTER  2 )  -  { PT.  2 } - The accession of Henry VIII. ( 1509-47 ) was hailed with joy by all classes in England. Young, handsome, well-developed both in mind and body, fond of outdoor games and amusements, affable and generous with whomsoever he came into contact, he came into contact, he was to all appearances qualified perfectly for the high office to which he had succeeded. With the exception of Empson and Dudley, who were sacrificed for their share in the execution of his father, most of the old advisers were retained at the royal court; but the chief confidants on whose advice he relied principally were his Chancellor Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England, Richard Fox, Bishop of Wincherter and Lord Privy Seal, and Thomas Howard, aftewards Duke of Norfolk, Lord Treasurer of the kingdom. Soon, however, these trusted and loyal advisers were obliged to make way for a young and rising ecclesiastical courtier, Thomas Wolsey [ 1 ...

  { PT.  28 } - Moyes, /How English Bishops were made before the Reformation/ (/ Tablet/, Dec., 1893 ). Maitland, /The Roman Law in the Church of England, and English Law and the Renaissance/, 1901. Gairdner, /Lollardy /, etc., i., 495-8.                                                        ________________________________________________________ 

  { PT.  27 } - [ 3 ] Chalmers, /History of the College ... of Oxford/, Mullinger, /The University of Cambridge to 1535/.  [ 4 ] Leach, /English Schools at the Reformation/, 1896, p. 6 ( a valuable book ).  [ 5 ] Gasquet, op. cit., ix-xiii., English works of ir Thomas More, 1557, ( especially / The Dyalogue/, 1529 ).  [ 6 ]  Wilkins, /Concilia/, iii.  317. [ 7 ]  Gasquet, op. cit., chap. viii., /The Dark Ages/, 18545, no. xii.  [ 8 ]   Gairdner,/ Lollardy and the reformation/, vol. ii., 221--303. [ 9 ] On this subject, cf. Gasquet, /Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries/. Gairdner, /Lollardy and the Reformation/, vol. ii., 3--221. Jessopp, /Visitation of the Diocese of Norwhich/, 1492-1532 ( Camden Society ). [ 10 ]  /Cambridge Modern History/, i., chap. xv.      [ 11 ]  On the relations between the clergy and the laity, cf. Gairdner, op. cit., vol. i., 243-86. Gasquet, op. cit., chap. iii.-v. Gairdner, / ...

  { PT.  26 } - This tendency is brought out clearly in the concessions wrung from the Pope by Ferdinand 1. of Spain and Louis XII. of France, but more especially in the Concordat negotiated between Leo X, and Francis 1. ( 1516 ), according to which all appointments in the French Church were vested practically in the hands of the king. Henry VIII, was a careful observer of Continental affairs and was as anxious as Francis 1. to strengthen his own position by grasping the authority of the Church. He secured a /de facto/ headship of the Church in England when he succeeded in getting Cardinal Wolsey invested with permanent legatine powers. Through Wolsey he governed ecclesiastical affairs in England for years, and on the fall of Wolsey he took into his own hands the control that he had exercised already through his favourite and minister. Had Leo X. consented to a concordat similar to that concluded with France, whereby the royal demands would have been conceded frankly and occas...

  { PT.  25 } - The oaths of loyalty to the Holy See taken by all the archbishops and bishops, the tone and form of the letters addressed to the Pope, the assertion of papal rights against the errors and attacks of Wycliff and Luther, the full admission of papal supremacy contained in Henry VIII.'S/Assertio Septem Sacramentorum/, and in the formal dying declaration of Archbishop Warham of Canterbury ( 1533 ), and the resolute attitude of two such learned representatives of the English clergy and laity as Bishop Fisher of Rochester and Sir Thomas More, are in themselves sufficient to establish the fact that in the days of Henry VIII. England joined with the rest of the Catholic world in recognising the supreme spiritual jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome. [ 3 ] The controversies which had raged were not concerned with spiritual supremacy nor were they peculiar to England. Much worse ones had arisen to disturb the friendly relations that should exist between that Holy See and Fr...

  { PT.  24 } - Similarly the Statute of Praemunire ( 1353 ) by which it was forbidden under the penalty of forfeiture and outlawry to being cases cognizable in the English courts before foreign courts, or ti introduce into the realm provisions, reservations, or letters contrary to the rights of the king or his subjects, was passed to prevent an undoubted abuse at the time, and was enforced rarely as the frequent appeals to Rome amply prove. These measures serve to indicate at most only the attitude of the Crown towards the Pope, not the attitude of the English clergy and people. The loyal submission of the latter is evidenced from the papal appointments to bishoprics and benefices, from the First Fruits paid willingly to the Holy See by those who were called upon to pay them, by the constant interference of the Holy See in regard to the division and boundaries of parishes, the visitation of monasteries, the rights of bishops, etc., as well as by the courts held in England in ...