[ HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ] - { CHAPTER 1 } - { PT. 1 }


 { PT.  1 } - CHAPTER  1                                                                   RIGHTEOUS CONDITION OF ENGLAND BEFORE THE REFORMATION - Wilkins,/Concilia Magnae Britanniae/, iii.  1773. / Historia Regis Henrici Septimi a Bernardo Andrea Thosolate/ Andre of Toulouse/ edited by J. Cairdner, 1858. Capella-Sneyd, /A Relation or True Account of the Isle of England ... under Henry VII./written by Capella, the Venetian Ambassador, 1496-1502, and edited by C. A. London Chronicle during the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII./ ( Camden Miscellany, vol.  iv., 1859 ). Sir Thomas More's /Utopia/ ( written 1516, edited by E. Arner, 1869 ). More's English works, edited by William Rastell, 1557. Bridgett, /Life and writings of Sir Thomas More/ 1891. Busch-Todd, /England under the Tudors/, 1892-95. Gasquet, /The Eve of the Reformation/,  1900; /Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries/,  1888; /The Old English Bible/, etc., 1897; /The Great Pestilence/, 1893; /Parish Life in Mediaeval England/, 1906; /England/, 1906; /England Monastic Life/, 1904. Capes, / A History of the English Church in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries/, 1909. Seebohm, /Oxford Reformers/ ( 3rd edition ), 1877. Stone, /Reformation and Renaissance Studies/, 1904. Gairdner, /Lollardy and the Reformation/, vol. i., 1908. Lilly, /Renaissance Types/, 1901. Bridgett, /History of the Holy Eucharist in Great Britain/ ( new edition, 1908 ). Rivinton, /Rome and England/, 1897. Lingard, /History of England/, 10 vols., 18489. Hunt-Poole, /Political History of England/, v., 1910. /Cambridge Modern History/, vol. i., 1902/ With the advent of Henry VIII. to the throne ( 1485 ) a new era opened in the history of England. The English nation, weakened by the Wars of the Roses and tired of a contest that possessed little interest for the masses, was not unwilling to submit itself without reserve to the guidance of a strong ruler provided he could guarantee peace both at home and abroad. Practically speaking, hitherto absolutism had been unknown. The rights that had been won by the barons on the plains of Runnymede were guarded jealously by their descendants, and as a result the power of the king, more especially in regard to taxation, was hedged round by several restrictions. But during the long struggle between the houses of Lancaster and York many of the great feudal barons had fallen on the field of battle or by the hands of the executioner, and the power of the nobles as a body had been undermined. While the Lords could muster their own retainers under their standard and put into the field a strong army almost at a moment's notice, it was impossible for the sovereign to rule as an absolute monarch. It was because he recognised this fact that Henry VII. took steps to enforce the Statute of Liveries passed by one of his predecessors, and to provide that armies could be levied only in the king's name. The day of government by the aristocracy had passed for ever to be succeeded by the rule of the people, but in the interval between the sinking of one and the rise of the other Tudor absolutism was established firmly in England. 

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  ( CHAPTER  2 )  -  { PT.  18 } - Bishop Fisher of Rochester spoke out manfully against the unnatural and unlawful proceedings, [ 11 ] and his protest found an echo not merely in the court it self but throughout the country. The friends of Henry, fearing that the Pope might revoke the power of the legates, clamoured for an immediate verdict; but this Campeggio was determined to prevent at all costs. By insisting upon all the formalities of law he took care to delay the proceeding till the 23rd July, when he announced that the legatine court should follow the rules of the Roman court, and should, therefore, adjourn to October. Already he was aware of the fact that Clement VII., yielding to the entreaties of Catharine and the demands of the Emperor, had had reserved the decision of the case to Rome ( 19th July ), and that the summons to the king and queen to proceed there to plead their cause was already on its way to England. [ 12 ] Henry, disguising his real fe...
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